Newborn Probiotic Use Tied to Lower Risk of Type 1 Diabetes

By asmithers | Published November 21, 2015

Adding probiotics to an infant’s feedings in the first month of life may reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes for those genetically predisposed to the disease, according to research published online Nov. 9 in *JAMA Pediatrics*.

THURSDAY, Nov. 12, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Adding probiotics to an infant’s feedings in the first month of life may reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes for those genetically predisposed to the disease, according to research published online Nov. 9 in JAMA Pediatrics.

Researchers looked at an ongoing prospective study from six medical centers — three in the United States and three in Europe. The final study sample included 7,473 children between 4 and 10 years old. Blood samples were taken every three months from age 3 months to 48 months to detect signs of type 1 diabetes. Samples were taken every six months after that. Parents completed questionnaires and food diaries to detail infant feeding and probiotic supplement use from birth to 3 months. Mothers provided information on their diets during pregnancy as well.

The researchers found that probiotic use in the first 27 days was linked to reduced odds of type 1 diabetes by 60 percent for children with the highest risk of developing the disease. These children had the DR3/4 genotype, the researchers said. Children without that genetic makeup didn’t benefit from the early probiotics. And no one seemed to benefit from later probiotic use.

“Early probiotic exposure during the first 27 days is associated with a decreased risk of type 1 diabetes among those who have the highest genetic risk of type 1 diabetes,” lead researcher Ulla Uusitalo, Ph.D., an associate professor in the department of pediatric epidemiology at the University of South Florida in Tampa, told HealthDay. However, Uusitalo noted that because of the study’s design, the researchers “cannot make a conclusion about causality.” But she stressed that because the association was so strong, these findings warrant further study.

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Curcumin Modulates Colonic Microbiota During Colitis and May Prevent Colon Cancer

By asmithers | Published November 20, 2015

Published in Gastroenterology

Journal Scan / Research · November 17, 2015

TAKE-HOME MESSAGE

In this study, wild-type or Il10 (a model for colorectal cancer associated with colitis) mice that received six injections of azoxymethane (or a negative control) were fed curcumin-supplemented or control food to investigate its effect on the microbiota. The diet with curcumin prolonged survival, lowered colon weight/length ratio, and completely eliminated tumors (at 0.5% curcumin).
The positive impact of curcumin on tumorigenesis was linked to the maintenance of a greater diversity in colonic microbiota.

Abstract

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BACKGROUND

Intestinal microbiota influences the progression of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. With diet being a key determinant of the gut microbial ecology, dietary interventions are an attractive avenue for the prevention of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Curcumin is the most active constituent of the ground rhizome of the Curcuma longa plant, which has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiproliferative properties.

METHODS

Il10 mice on 129/SvEv background were used as a model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Starting at 10 weeks of age, wild-type or Il10 mice received 6 weekly intraperitoneal injections of azoxymethane (AOM) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and were started on either a control or a curcumin-supplemented diet. Stools were collected every 4 weeks for microbial community analysis. Mice were killed at 30 weeks of age.

RESULTS

Curcumin-supplemented diet increased survival, decreased colon weight/length ratio, and, at 0.5%, entirely eliminated tumor burden. Although colonic histology indicated improvement with curcumin, no effects of mucosal immune responses have been observed in PBS/Il10 mice and limited effects were seen in AOM/Il10 mice. In wild-type and in Il10 mice, curcumin increased bacterial richness, prevented age-related decrease in alpha diversity, increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillales, and decreased Coriobacterales order. Taxonomic profile of AOM/Il10 mice receiving curcumin was more similar to those of wild-type mice than those fed control diet.

CONCLUSIONS

In AOM/Il10 model, curcumin reduced or eliminated colonic tumor burden with limited effects on mucosal immune responses. The beneficial effect of curcumin on tumorigenesis was associated with the maintenance of a more diverse colonic microbial ecology.

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Noon Best Time to Get Vitamin D From Sun for Minimal Cancer Risk

By asmithers | Published November 19, 2015

Mantas Grigalavicius MSc^1,*,
Johan Moan PhD^1,2,
Arne Dahlback PhD² and
Asta Juzeniene PhD¹

Article first published online: 6 NOV 2015

DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13065

Issue

International Journal of Dermatology

Early View (Online Version of Record published before inclusion in an issue)

Additional Information(Show All)

How to Cite Author Information Publication History Funding Information

Funding: This work was supported by the Southeast Norway Regional Health Authority, the Norwegian Cancer Society and Oslo University Hospital.
Conflicts of interest: None.

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Abstract

Background

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation varies with latitude, time of day, and season. Both spectral UV composition and ambient UV dose lead to different health outcomes at different latitudes. Finding the optimal time for sun exposure, whereby the positive effects of UV exposure (vitamin D) are facilitated and the negative effects (skin cancer, photoimmunosuppression) avoided are the most important consideration in modern skin cancer prevention programs.

Objectives

This paper focuses on the latitude dependency of UVB, UVA, vitamin D production, and skin cancer risk in Caucasians.

Methods

Biologically effective UVB (280–315 nm) and UVA (315–400 nm) doses were calculated using radiative transfer models with appropriate climatologic data for selected locations. Incidences of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and cutaneous melanoma (CM) were retrieved from cancer registries and published articles.

Results

Annual doses of UVA radiation decrease much less with increasing latitude than annual doses of UVB. Incidences of CM also decrease less steeply with increasing latitude than incidences of SCC. As SCC is caused mainly by UVB, these observations support the assumption that UVA plays an important role in the development of CM. The variations in UVA (relevant to CM) and UVB (relevant to vitamin D production) over 1 day differ: the UVB : UVA ratio is maximal at noon.

Conclusions

The best way to obtain a given dose of vitamin D with minimal carcinogenic risk is through a non-burning exposure in the middle of the day, rather than in the afternoon or morning.

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Healthy Diets Modulate Gut Microbes and Improve Insulin Sensitivity in the Obese

By asmithers | Published November 16, 2015

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

TAKE-HOME MESSAGE

In this randomized dietary study, fecal bacterial composition was evaluated 20 obese males with coronary heart disease. A Mediterranean diet (Med diet) was associated with a decrease in Prevotellaand decrease in Roseburia and Oscillospira genera. A low-fat, high–complex carbohydrates diet (LFHCC diet) was associated with an increase in Prevotella and decrease in Roseburia genera.
The authors conclude that the long-term consumption of Med and LFHCC diets may provide protection against the development of type 2 diabetes through changes in the gut microbiota.

Abstract

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CONTEXT

Gut microbiota, which acts collectively as a fully-integrated organ in the host metabolism, can be shaped by long-term dietary interventions following a specific diet.

OBJECTIVE

To study the changes in microbiota after one year’s consumption of a Mediterranean diet (Med diet) or a low-fat, high-complex carbohydrates diet (LFHCC diet) in an obese population.

DESIGN

Participant swere randomized to receive Med diet (35% fat, 22% monounsaturated) and LFHCC diet (28% fat, 12% monounsaturated).

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

The study was conducted in 20 obese patients (men) within the CORDIOPREV study, an ongoing prospective, randomized, opened, controlled trial in patients with coronary heart disease.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

We evaluated the bacterial composition and its relationship with the whole fecal and plasma metabolome.

RESULTS

The LFHCC diet increased Prevotella and decreased the Roseburia genera while the Med diet decreased Prevotella and increased the Roseburia and Oscillospira genera (P=0.028, 0.002, and 0.016, respectively). The abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis (P=0.025) and Faecalibactrium prausnitzii (P=0.020) increased after the long-term consumption of the Med diet and LFHCC diet, respectively. The changes in the abundance of 7 out of 572 metabolites found in feces, including mainly aminoacids, peptides and the sphingolipid metabolism, could be linked to the changes in the gut microbiota.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that a long-term consumption of the Med and LFHCC diets, exert a protective effect on the development of type 2 diabetes by different specific changes in the gut microbiota, increasing the abundance of the Roseburia genus and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, respectively.

Mediterranean Diet and Brain Structure in the Elderly

By asmithers | Published November 15, 2015

TAKE-HOME MESSAGE

High-resolution structural MRI scanning was completed in a cohort of 674 elderly multiethnic people (mean age, 80.1 years) with no history of dementia. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire to determine adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet (MeDi). Those who showed higher adherence to a MeDi had a larger total brain volume (TBV), total gray matter volume (TGMV), and total white matter volume compared with people who showed a lower adherence to a MeDi. There was an association seen between higher fish and lower meat intake and larger TGMV as well as lower meat intake and larger TBV. Higher fish intake also showed an association with increased mean cortical thickness.
MeDi adherence in the elderly is associated with significantly less brain atrophy. The key elements of the MeDi appear to be a higher fish intake combined with a lower meat intake.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether higher adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet (MeDi) is related with larger MRI-measured brain volume or cortical thickness.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, high-resolution structural MRI was collected on 674 elderly (mean age 80.1 years) adults without dementia who participated in a community-based, multiethnic cohort. Dietary information was collected via a food frequency questionnaire. Total brain volume (TBV), total gray matter volume (TGMV), total white matter volume (TWMV), mean cortical thickness (mCT), and regional volume or CT were derived from MRI scans using FreeSurfer program. We examined the association of MeDi (scored as 0–9) and individual food groups with brain volume and thickness using regression models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, body mass index, diabetes, and cognition.

RESULTS

Compared to lower MeDi adherence (0–4), higher adherence (5–9) was associated with 13.11 (p = 0.007), 5.00 (p = 0.05), and 6.41 (p = 0.05) milliliter larger TBV, TGMV, and TWMV, respectively. Higher fish (b = 7.06, p = 0.006) and lower meat (b = 8.42, p = 0.002) intakes were associated with larger TGMV. Lower meat intake was also associated with larger TBV (b = 12.20, p = 0.02). Higher fish intake was associated with 0.019 mm (p = 0.03) larger mCT. Volumes of cingulate cortex, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and hippocampus and CT of the superior-frontal region were associated with the dietary factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Among older adults, MeDi adherence was associated with less brain atrophy, with an effect similar to 5 years of aging. Higher fish and lower meat intake might be the 2 key food elements that contribute to the benefits of MeDi on brain structure.

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